It was betrayal that brought the paper-making craft to Samarkand. In the year 751 the Chinese invaded Central Asia, but the ruler of Samarkand defeated their troops and captured many thousands of soldiers. To save their lives, the story goes, craftsmen among the captives revealed their knowledge of paper-making to their captors. From then on, Samarkand became a center for paper production.

Mulberry bark is taken as a raw material. The bark is cleaned from the outside and boiled in a large pan for four to six hours. The bark is then beaten in large stupas with the help of a water mill to make a homogeneous mash similar to dough in consistency. The resulting “dough” is subsequently placed in a tub with water and filtered on a large sheet of flazelin. A blank is pressed, and then is covered with the next sheet of flazelin and some sifted mulberry brew. The paper is removed from the plates and dried in a vertical position for a day. The resulted dried paper is stronger, more durable, and longer-lasting than modern paper. To remove the roughness of the paper, the master polishes it on a granite table with a piece of granite, seashell, or bone horn, giving the Samarkand paper its smoothness. The Meros paper is used by many calligraphers and artists world-wide, and is also popular amongst Uzbek-native artists because of its ability to last centuries without fading.

Thin layers of bark are removed from mulberry tree branches before being boiled for several hours. Water mill machinery used in the beginning stage of the Meros Paper Mill to beat the mulberry bark in the large stupas below the water mill handle. The result is a uniform "dough-like" pulp. 

Today, Konigil, a village near Samarkand has the “Meros” paper mill, founded by well-known masters the Mukhtarov brothers. Thanks to their efforts the local factory revived an ancient tradition based on old Samarkand technologies. Interestingly enough but the production is manual and the visitors can watch a papermaking process with their own eyes. They have to pay a token payment of 3,000UZS as an admission and tour of the factory fee. The territory of the mill is really picturesque: shady trees, Siab river with bubbling water, a small tea house at the entrance to treat the visitors with a delicious Samarkand pilaf and fruits, charkhpalak – a water wheel, decorated with antique vessels flowing with water. The factory owners say that the restoration of Samarkand paper production technology took them 10 years. Various materials were tried to establish empirically that the raw material for the paper was mulberry bark.

The Samarkand papermaking technology is as follows. Mulberry bark is taken as a raw material. The bark is cleaned from the outside and boiled in a large pan for a long while. Then it is beaten off in large stupas to make a homogeneous mash similar to dough in consistency. The resulting “dough” is subsequently placed in a tub with water and filtered on a large sheet of flazelin. A blank is pressed, and then is covered with a next sheet of flazelin and some sifted mulberry brew, and so on. The paper is removed from the plates and dried in a vertical position for a day. The resulted dried paper is rather strong. To remove the roughness of the paper, the master polishes it on a granite table with a piece of granite or bone horn, thus the Samarkand paper obtains its famous smoothness.

It should be noted that the Samarkand paper has a characteristic yellow color. It is not bleached with chemicals, and therefore its shelf life is dozens of times longer than that of a plain white paper. For example, if a plain white paper of good quality lasts for 40-50 years, then the Samarkand paper - 300-400 years. The Samarkand paper mill makes not only post cards, note pads, masks, but also dresses, dolls and handbags. All of these gifts can be bought in a factory shop. Today the Samarkand paper made in Kongil Factory is widely used in ancient manuscripts, restoration work both in Uzbekistan and other countries of the world. Also, owing to production restoration, Uzbek artists can reproduce authentically old miniatures. Step by step the Samarkand paper is regaining its former fame both in Uzbekistan and abroad.

Water mill machinery used in the beginning stage of the Meros Paper Mill, Samarkand, Uzbekistan

This is the water mill that is used to beat the mulberry bark in the large stupas below the water mill handle. The result is a uniform "dough-like" pulp.